Hi Dez - Your suggestion
I suggest that the TC reconsider the term target as well as consider whether both target and actuator should be defined.
Was exactly what we had discussed on a call that I attended where we went over the attack framework.
Basically the term
target
in cacao has been used to represent both a system that executes a command as part of action and also the target of an attack being executed by a system executing an attack simulation against the target. Command is the thing that executes on that target.
So in my mind
Cacao target == OpenC2 Actuator
Cacao command == OpenC2 Target
Cacao action == a combined instruction (with logic) that may define Cacao target or list of +Cacao command. There is no equivalent (I believe) in OpenC2 to this concept.
Cacao workflow is a set of Cacao actions.
I guess this prior discussion didn
t stick and I appreciate you sharing how OpenC2 has defined some aspects of this. However, one of the primary reasons why CACAO exists is that OpenC2 didn
t support all that we needed to do and after working with folks in OpenC2 it was obvious that we need to form a playbook TC that would allow us to define playbooks that could include the various elements defined such as OpenC2, Kestrel
etc.
One suggestion that I thought we had also previously discussed was changing the name of the attack target to something more specific such as AttackVictim or just Victim . This might be a less intrusive change than changing all uses of the term target everywhere else.
Allan
On Nov 2, 2022, at 1:26 AM, Dr. Desiree A Beck <> wrote:
I ve figured out what for me seems off about the Attacker target type - it's that the definition of target shifts and expands.
In Section 9.14, the definition of the target data type is The target data type captures detailed information about the entities or devices that accept, receive, process, or execute one or more commands as defined in a workflow step
The Attacker target type adds dimensions (executor and subject), which makes me question the spec s use of the term Target (something I ve mentioned before). It might be helpful to consider the OpenC2 Command object. It has four main components, two required and two optional:
* Action (required) - the
verb . The task or activity to be performed. I think this is like the
commands
property of the CACAO Action Step.
* Target (required) - the
object
of the Action. The Action is performed on the Target. This doesn't seem to correspond to a property of the CACAO Action Step, but I think this is what the Attacker target type defines via its
subject
property.
* Actuator (optional) - the
subject
of the Action. The Actuator executes the Action on the Target. I think this is like the
targets
property of the CACAO Action Step (and as defined in Section 9.14), as well as the
executor
property of the Attacker target type.
* Args (optional)
provide additional info on how the command is to be performed. This is like the
in_args / out_args
of the CACAO Action Step.
I think what seems off to me is that the Attacker target type considers both Target (subject) and Actuator (executor), which the rest of the spec does not. However, I think the rest of the spec should define both concepts. This would change the way the Attack target type is defined
hopefully in a way that feels right. Another odd thing about Attacker target type is that the subject is of type
target which doesn t work with the Section 9.14 definition.
Also, the text in Section 4.5 for Action Step says, This workflow step contains the actual commands to be executed
on
one or more targets
- which suggests a target is an object (Target in OpenC2) rather than the subject (Actuator in OpenC2) as defined in Section 9.14.
I suggest that the TC reconsider the term target as well as consider whether both target and actuator should be defined.
Thanks,
Dez
From: Dr. Desiree A Beck
Sent: Tuesday, November 1, 2022 2:55 PM
To: Bret Jordan <>;
Subject: RE: [EXT] [cacao] Remaining work items
Regarding the attack target types
I agree with Bret that something seems off, but I can t articulate anything specific at the moment. I ll be thinking about it and will respond with details soon
Dez
From:
<
> On Behalf Of Bret Jordan
Sent: Thursday, October 27, 2022 1:24 PM
To:
Subject: [EXT] [cacao] Remaining work items
All,
We have very few remaining work items that need to be addressed before we can ship the next version of the CACAO specification. We really need people to speak up and voice their opinions on the following:
1) MITRE/DHS has proposed a new property to track some of the features of a playbook. Several people seem to like this and support this. However, there is some concern on if this property should be required or if it should be optional . Allan strongly views this should be optional. MITRE/DHS really want it to be required. But I have not heard from the rest of you.
Please respond to this email with your views on this subject.
2) A while back Allan proposed the attack target types. I think we all generally agree that this is a good idea. However, when I have played around with it, it feels like there are some minor issues with the modeling. I have not yet been able to put my finger on it. To be clear I really like the idea of the Attack stuff that Allan proposed and really want it. But something just feels off with it. Has anyone else seen issues while playing around with it?
Bret
